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Line 1: − + + + + + + + + + + + + − “This term includes technical data recorded or stored in any physical form, models, mockups or other items that reveal technical data directly relating to items designated in §121.1 (the USML). It also includes forgings, castings, and other unfinished products, such as extrusions and machined bodies, that have reached a stage in manufacturing where they are clearly identifiable by mechanical properties, material composition, geometry, or function as defense articles. It does not include basic marketing information on function or purpose or general system descriptions.”+ Line 40:
Line 51: − === Export === − §120.17 defines '''export''' as: − *Sending or taking a defense article out of the United States in any manner, except by mere travel outside of the United States by a person whose personal knowledge includes technical data; or − *Transferring registration, control or ownership to a foreign person of any aircraft, vessel, or satellite covered by the U.S. Munitions List, whether in the United States or abroad; or − *Disclosing (including oral or visual disclosure) or transferring in the United States any defense article to an embassy, any agency or subdivision of a foreign government (e.g., diplomatic missions); or − *Disclosing (including oral or visual disclosure) or transferring technical data to a foreign person, whether in the United States or abroad; or − *Performing a defense service on behalf of, or for the benefit of, a foreign person, whether in the United States or abroad. − A launch vehicle or payload shall not, by reason of the launching of such vehicle, be considered an export for purposes of ITAR. However, for certain limited purposes, controls may apply to any sale, transfer or proposal to sell or transfer defense articles or defense services. Line 54:
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The '''International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR)''' is a set of US regulations governing the use and sharing of technologies with significant military implications, also known as '''export control'''. SSI and aerospace industry as a whole operate under the authority of ITAR, as many rocket, satellite, and aerospace technologies provide the US military advantages over other countries that the US government has sought to maintain. While the efficacy and utility of this policy are debated [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Traffic_in_Arms_Regulations#Controversy], the regulations still apply to SSI and members of the space industry, and violations carry significant fines and potentially decades-long prison terms. As a Stanford entity, SSI's activities are overseen by the Stanford Export Control Office, who works to ensure that no ITAR violations occur. This article discusses the important concepts of ITAR and their applicability to SSI.
The '''International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR)''' is a set of US regulations governing the use and sharing of technologies with significant military implications, also known as '''export control'''. SSI and aerospace industry as a whole operate under the authority of ITAR, as many rocket, satellite, and aerospace technologies provide the US military advantages over other countries that the US government has sought to maintain. While the efficacy and utility of this policy are debated [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Traffic_in_Arms_Regulations#Controversy], the regulations still apply to SSI and members of the space industry, and violations carry significant fines and potentially decades-long prison terms. As a Stanford entity, SSI's activities are overseen by the Stanford Export Control Office, who works to ensure that no ITAR violations occur. '''An ITAR violation is performing an [[#Export|export]] activity without a license from the US State Department.''' This article discusses the important concepts of ITAR and their applicability to SSI.
== Important Terms and Concepts ==
== Important Terms and Concepts ==
=== Export ===
§120.17 defines '''export''' as:
*Sending or taking a defense article out of the United States in any manner, except by mere travel outside of the United States by a person whose personal knowledge includes technical data; or
*Transferring registration, control or ownership to a foreign person of any aircraft, vessel, or satellite covered by the U.S. Munitions List, whether in the United States or abroad; or
*Disclosing (including oral or visual disclosure) or transferring in the United States any defense article to an embassy, any agency or subdivision of a foreign government (e.g., diplomatic missions); or
*Disclosing (including oral or visual disclosure) or transferring technical data to a foreign person, whether in the United States or abroad; or
*Performing a defense service on behalf of, or for the benefit of, a foreign person, whether in the United States or abroad.
A launch vehicle or payload shall not, by reason of the launching of such vehicle, be considered an export for purposes of ITAR. However, for certain limited purposes, controls may apply to any sale, transfer or proposal to sell or transfer defense articles or defense services.
'''''Exporting'' (by any of the above definitions) without proper licensure is a federal offense punishable by hundreds of thousands of dollars in fines or twenty years in federal prison.''' Institutions whose members commit ITAR violations also have significantly reduced chances of winning federal contracts and other government bids.
=== Defense Article ===
=== Defense Article ===
§120.6 defines '''Defense Article''' to refer to any item listed in Part 121, the [[#The United States Munitions List (USML)|United States Munitions List (USML)]].
§120.6 defines '''Defense Article''' to refer to any item listed in Part 121, the [[#The United States Munitions List (USML)|United States Munitions List (USML)]].
''This term includes technical data recorded or stored in any physical form, models, mockups or other items that reveal technical data directly relating to items designated in §121.1 (the USML). It also includes forgings, castings, and other unfinished products, such as extrusions and machined bodies, that have reached a stage in manufacturing where they are clearly identifiable by mechanical properties, material composition, geometry, or function as defense articles. It does not include basic marketing information on function or purpose or general system descriptions.''
=== Significant Military Equipment ===
=== Significant Military Equipment ===
§120.7 specially classifies certain defense articles with “substantial military capability” from Part 121 as '''Significant Military Equipment''' (SME), subject to additional controls.
§120.7 specially classifies certain defense articles with “substantial military capability” from Part 121 as '''Significant Military Equipment''' (SME), subject to additional controls.
*The University or its researchers accept other restrictions on publication of scientific and technical information resulting from the project or activity, or
*The University or its researchers accept other restrictions on publication of scientific and technical information resulting from the project or activity, or
*The research is funded by the U.S. Government and specific access and dissemination controls protecting information resulting from the research are applicable.
*The research is funded by the U.S. Government and specific access and dissemination controls protecting information resulting from the research are applicable.
== The United States Munitions List (USML) ==
== The United States Munitions List (USML) ==
== Interpretation ==
== Interpretation ==
ITAR is interpreted differently at various universities within the US. Stanford's interpretation of the ITAR involves an ongoing discussion regarding the definition of [[#Fundamental Research|"'''fundamental research'''"]]. SSI works to ensure its activities fall within the purview of fundamental research and in compliance with the ITAR by frequently publicizing information about group activities (such as through this Wiki), securing group property, not engaging in military training, and otherwise ensuring appropriate conduct.
ITAR is interpreted differently at various universities within the US. Stanford's interpretation of the ITAR involves an ongoing discussion regarding the definition of [[#Fundamental Research|"'''fundamental research'''"]]. SSI works to ensure its activities fall within the purview of fundamental research and in compliance with the ITAR by frequently publicizing information about group activities (such as through this Wiki), securing group property, not engaging in military training, and otherwise ensuring appropriate conduct.
[[Category:Raccoonworks]] [[Category:Policy]]